a. Linguistics
The linguistics word
comes from the lingua (Latin language) meaning language,
"langage-langue" in French; "lingua" of the Italian
language, "lengua" from the Spanish and the "language" of
the English language. The “ics” suffix have a function to show the name of
science, so thats mean science of language, just like economics, physics word.
Linguistics is a sains that assessing language. Linguistics also called
scientific because used empirical rules based on something that is seen, felt,
heard.[1]
b. Language
Generally, language can
be defined as a symbol. Another understanding of the language is a
communication tool in the form of sign systems generated by humans mouth. We
need to know that the language consisting of words or group of words. Each one
has a meaning, that is the abstract relations between words as symbols with
objects or concepts, that are represented by an expert of language as group of
words or vocabulary that sorting alphabetically, or in alphabetical sorter,
with an explanation of its meaning and then recorded into a dictionary or
lexicon.
When we speaking or
writing, the words that we say and we write are not structured, but its follow
the rules. To express ideas, thoughts or feelings, we must choose the right
words and arrange the words according to the rules of the language. Set of
rules that became based of the used language, or the language that we use as a language’s
guide is called grammar.[2]
c. History
Of Linguistics
The
study of linguistics has expansion in three stage, from the first stage is
called the speculation, the second stage is called the observation and
classification, and the third stage is called theory formulation.
At
speculation stage, statements about language is not based on empirical data,
but on fairy tales or fiction. For example, the statement of Andreas Kemke, an
expert on philology from Sweden in the 17th century which states that the
Prophet Adam used to be in heaven speak in Denmark, while the snake spoke in
French, is not able to be verified as not supported by empirical evidence.
At
classification and observation stage, the experts of language make observations
and classification of the languages under investigation, but it has not come yet
to formulate their theory. Therefore, their work can’t call to be scientific.
In
third stage, where the language is not only observed and studied, but also has
made the theories.
In
the history of its development, linguistics filled with streams, understanding,
approaches and techniques of inquiry from the outside it seems very
complicated, contradictory, and confusing, especially for beginners. These will
be talking about the history, development, and understand some linguistic
streams of ancient times to the current times.
1. Traditional
Linguistics
Traditional term in
linguistics is often contrasted with structural terms, so there is a term in
formal traditional grammar and structural grammar. Traditional grammar analyzes
based on the philosophy of language and semantics, while the structural grammar
based on the structure or formal characteristics that exist in a particular
language.
2.
Linguistics Structuralists
Structuralist linguistics attempt to describe a
language characteristic based characteristics possessed language. This is as a
result of the concepts or new perspectives on language and language study in
Modern Linguistics, its pointed out by
Mr. Ferdinand de Saussure.
2. Transformational
Linguistics
The world of science, linguistics is not
a static activity, but its an dynamic activity; growing steadily, according to
the philosophy of science, which always wants to find the ultimate truth.
Structural linguistics was born because is not satisfied with the approach and
prosedsur that used in traditional linguistics when analyzing the language.
Then people felt that too many weaknesses in structural model, so its caused
born the different one, although there are many similarities with the original
structural model. Total change occurred with the born of transformation
linguistics that has a different way with structural linguistics.
3. About
Linguistics In Indonesia
As the big
country which have many ethnic with many district that have the different
language, for a long time Indonesia has became an object of linguistics
research. For the begining, research in Indonesia is do by the experts from
Netherland and the other Europe country with the colonial purpose.
The modern
concept that growth by Ferdinand de Saussure has begin since the begining of XX
century. But. It seems that the modern linguistik came to indonesia on the
latest one, its 50’s. The formal linguistik education in literature majored and
the institute of teacher education till 50’s its still use the traditional
normatif concept.
Many research of
indonesian language is doing by foreign. As the function as the national
language, indonesian language became the first place on the assessed of
linguistik, althought in Indonesia or out of the country. Nationally,
indonesian language have a grammar book and a big dictionary which arranged by
the expert.[3]
d. Scope
of linguistik
1.
Linguistik scoping some wide
topic, which the border is hard to be define, that is phonetic, phonology, syntax, and semantic.
2.
Phonetic, its a science about
sound speech of human, its to be opinion as the base of linguistic than as the
part of linguistic.
3.
Phonology, synthax and semantic is
a soul of linguistic, they express a grammar from a language.
4.
Phonology is a science about
arranged the human sound, synthax(arranged sentence), morphology(arrange words), and semanthic(about the meaning).
5.
Except that three linguistic, there
are some branch of linguistic that growing in this time;
Phsycholinguistic (about relation between language with mind), sosiolinguistic(
about relation between language with society), linguistic anthrophology,
philosopi linguistic, mathematic linguistic, tsilistika and teach language.
6.
There are also Hystorical
linguistic (about the chance o f language) thats learn about grammar with a
certain time, or to equalizing the growth of
grammar between one periode to another.
7.
Analize the language just in one
periode, its called synchronization analizing, and to equalizing language in
one periode with another called diachronis analizing.[4]
