Friday, April 26, 2013

LINGUISTICS



a.       Linguistics
The linguistics word comes from the lingua (Latin language) meaning language, "langage-langue" in French; "lingua" of the Italian language, "lengua" from the Spanish and the "language" of the English language. The “ics” suffix have a function to show the name of science, so thats mean science of language, just like economics, physics word. Linguistics is a sains that assessing language. Linguistics also called scientific because used empirical rules based on something that is seen, felt, heard.[1]

b.      Language
Generally, language can be defined as a symbol. Another understanding of the language is a communication tool in the form of sign systems generated by humans mouth. We need to know that the language consisting of words or group of words. Each one has a meaning, that is the abstract relations between words as symbols with objects or concepts, that are represented by an expert of language as group of words or vocabulary that sorting alphabetically, or in alphabetical sorter, with an explanation of its meaning and then recorded into a dictionary or lexicon.
When we speaking or writing, the words that we say and we write are not structured, but its follow the rules. To express ideas, thoughts or feelings, we must choose the right words and arrange the words according to the rules of the language. Set of rules that became based of the used  language, or the language that we use as a language’s guide is called grammar.[2]

c.       History Of Linguistics
The study of linguistics has expansion in three stage, from the first stage is called the speculation, the second stage is called the observation and classification, and the third stage is called theory formulation.
At speculation stage, statements about language is not based on empirical data, but on fairy tales or fiction. For example, the statement of Andreas Kemke, an expert on philology from Sweden in the 17th century which states that the Prophet Adam used to be in heaven speak in Denmark, while the snake spoke in French, is not able to be verified as not supported by empirical evidence.
At classification and observation stage, the experts of language make observations and classification of the languages ​​under investigation, but it has not come yet to formulate their theory. Therefore, their work can’t call to be scientific.
In third stage, where the language is not only observed and studied, but also has made ​​the theories.
In the history of its development, linguistics filled with streams, understanding, approaches and techniques of inquiry from the outside it seems very complicated, contradictory, and confusing, especially for beginners. These will be talking about the history, development, and understand some linguistic streams of ancient times to the current times.
1.      Traditional Linguistics
Traditional term in linguistics is often contrasted with structural terms, so there is a term in formal traditional grammar and structural grammar. Traditional grammar analyzes based on the philosophy of language and semantics, while the structural grammar based on the structure or formal characteristics that exist in a particular language.
2.   Linguistics Structuralists
Structuralist linguistics attempt to describe a language characteristic based characteristics possessed language. This is as a result of the concepts or new perspectives on language and language study in Modern Linguistics, its  pointed out by Mr. Ferdinand de Saussure.
2.      Transformational Linguistics
The world of science, linguistics is not a static activity, but its an dynamic activity; growing steadily, according to the philosophy of science, which always wants to find the ultimate truth. Structural linguistics was born because is not satisfied with the approach and prosedsur that used in traditional linguistics when analyzing the language. Then people felt that too many weaknesses in structural model, so its caused born the different one, although there are many similarities with the original structural model. Total change occurred with the born of transformation linguistics that has a different way with structural linguistics.
3.      About Linguistics In Indonesia
As the big country which have many ethnic with many district that have the different language, for a long time Indonesia has became an object of linguistics research. For the begining, research in Indonesia is do by the experts from Netherland and the other Europe country with the colonial purpose.
The modern concept that growth by Ferdinand de Saussure has begin since the begining of XX century. But. It seems that the modern linguistik came to indonesia on the latest one, its 50’s. The formal linguistik education in literature majored and the institute of teacher education till 50’s its still use the traditional normatif concept.
Many research of indonesian language is doing by foreign. As the function as the national language, indonesian language became the first place on the assessed of linguistik, althought in Indonesia or out of the country. Nationally, indonesian language have a grammar book and a big dictionary which arranged by the expert.[3]

d.      Scope of linguistik
1.         Linguistik scoping some wide topic, which the border is hard to be define, that  is phonetic, phonology, syntax, and semantic.
2.         Phonetic, its a science about sound speech of human, its to be opinion as the base of linguistic than as the part of linguistic.
3.         Phonology, synthax and semantic is a soul of linguistic, they express a grammar from a language.
4.         Phonology is a science about arranged the human sound, synthax(arranged sentence),  morphology(arrange words), and  semanthic(about the meaning).
5.         Except that three linguistic,  there  are some branch of linguistic that growing in this time; Phsycholinguistic (about relation between language with mind), sosiolinguistic( about relation between language with society), linguistic anthrophology, philosopi linguistic, mathematic linguistic, tsilistika and teach language.
6.         There are also Hystorical linguistic (about the chance o f language) thats learn about grammar with a certain time, or to equalizing the growth of  grammar between one periode to another.
7.         Analize the language just in one periode, its called synchronization analizing, and to equalizing language in one periode with another called diachronis analizing.[4]

No comments:

Post a Comment

Entri Populer